Focussing device which focuses the particles

 Focussing device which focuses the particles 

Used to estimate the masses of nuclei and relative abundahce of various isotopes, It plays an important role for: accurately estimáting masses of nuclei and atoms, binding energy, nuelear reactions, disintegration studjes and study of other important nuclear properties. The mass spectrometers generally.consist of the following essential components.

An ion source capable of emitting beams of positively charged atomic and molecular particles which äre johized. (ii) Collimatộr slits which limit the beam to a narrow width and accelérate these, (iif) An analyzer which consists of an electric field applied perpendicular to the path of the particle and is used as an energy filter and a magnetic field applied in the perpendicular plane which is used as a momentum filter.

 (iv) Focussing device which focuses the particles of the same mass travelling with a spread of velocities in different directions along the median plane of the beam. (v) Detector consist of a photographic plate which may carry the image of ions in a masSS spectrograph or an electrode connected to a sensitive electrometer which collects pulses of current produced by a number of ions falling on it pér unit. time. A numbèr of mass spectrographs .

The Protons And Neutrons Constituting a Nucleus are called as Nucleons

 The Protons and Neutrons constituting a nucleus are called as nucleons

That Heisenberg proposed neutron-proton hypothesis of nuclear structure in 1932. It was then well established that the atomic nucleus consisted of the protons, each of mass 1.6726 x 10 kg and of positive charge of 1.6 x 10 9 Coulomb and neutrns of mass 1.6749 x 107 kg without any charge. The protons and neutrons constituting a nucleus äre called as nucleons: The fotal number of neutrons and protons gives máss number A and number of protons givės atomic humber Z of any nucleus which can be written as „X^ so that the number of neutróns, N, is ëqual to A- Z.

 It is well known that the nucleus is surrounded by a number of atomic electrons in various orbits each having a negative charge of 1.6 x-10 Coulomb. The total number of protons ina nucleus is, equar to the total number of orbital electrons in the orbit so that the atoms are electrically neutral.

 The protons and neutrons cơnstituting a nucleus are called as nucleons: The total number of neutrons and protons.gives máss number A and number of protons gives atomic number Z of any-nucleus which can be written as X^ so that the number of neutróns, N, is équal.to AZ.

 It is well known that the nucleus is surrounded by a number of atomic electrons in various orbits each having a negative charge of 1.6:x:10 Coulomb. The total number of protons in a nucleus is equal to the total number of orbital electrons in the orbit so that the atoms are electrically neutral. 10-12 kg and of positive charge of 1.6.x 10 º Coulomb and neutron.

The slowly varying component of the solar radio radiation

 The slowly varying component of the solar radio radiation

The longer wavelengths from Sun that we receive on Earth originate in the corona where the characteristic temperature is high. The temperature relevant to the measured intensity of meter wavelengths is - 10° K. The intensity of this radiation undergoes slow variation, corresponding to the variations in the coronal structure. The measured radiation actually correspotids to a temperature of 10° K and a density nearly equel to three times the normal coronal density.

 The slowly varying component of the solar radio radiation thus fits with the concept that-it is thermal radiation trom regions of coronal condensations. The mechanism which gives risc to this radiation is free-free transition of clectrons in the hot coronal gas. The burst component of solar radio emission is sporadic, intense and nonthermal in character. This component is associated with the activity of the Sun. Different types of bursts have been recognized and the physics behind them is quite complex. As the name implies, bursts are manifested as the enhancement of. the radiosemission by onders of magnitude within periods as short as a few seconds.

 If the intensitaesof tursts are interpretedas of thermal origin, the corresponding equivalent blackbody temperatures would be of the order of 1012 K, which is absurd. The bursts are of different nature and they have been broadly classified into types 1, II, III. IV and V. Of these, all but the Type I bursts are correlated with flares.

 Type I bursts are not associated with flares or centres of activity. Type I bursts originate in noise storms that are produced high up in the corona usually above larger spots, their polarization showing no correlation with that o the spots. These bursts usually have lite-times of 0.1 to 0.2 seconds and during this period the wavelength of radiation remains fairly constant. The radiation.

 The theory of Gold and Hoyle thus predicts the release of the right amount of energy within the right amount of time as are observed in flares, through the meehanism of the magnetic field annihilation. The theory therefore implies the operation of a mechanism by which the twisted magnetic field which develops on the selar surface may become untwisted through flare discharge: Thistrunstormation irom twisted to untwisted field may have important bearing on the equilibriam configuration of the Sun. erg may be associated with such a twisted Soon after the production of radio frequency waves in the laboratory by Heinrich Hertz in 1888.

 Some scientists started thinking that the Sun might be a source of radie waves. Valuable work was one in this line by Wilsing. Scheiner, Nordmann, Jansky and others during the first few decades of this century and the end of the last century. But the actual detection of Sun.

During his study of flare spectra with high dispersion instruments

 During his study of flare spectra with high dispersion instruments

Among other lines seen in emission are those of ionized metallic lines. the D, line of He I at  A and some H lines of the Paschen series. D, line in small flares is seen a absorption. Lines of Fe II and those of low excitation Fe I are strongly brightened in flares. All these observations are consistent with highe: excitation in flares. Electron densities in the range 10 to 105 cm and electron temperatures in the range   17,000 K have been suggested by various authors to be the most favourable state under which the observed spectra are produced.

 During his study of flare spectra with high dispersion instruments, Severny observed some fine structure granules which develop during the initial stage of the flares. These granules are short-lived with diameters - 400 km. Gas moves within granules with speeds as high  km snd it greatly influences the wings of lines of flare spectrum.

 Severny called these phenomena as "moastaches Moustaches are believed to be ditferent, fromU flares While flares are manifestations of release of large energies within a relatively short-time, moustaches are believed to be associated with small-explosion like events. Flares eject material with speeds ranging from a few hundred to as high as  km s. The streaming material perturbs prominences and filaments.

 The latter are sometimes destroyed or disrupted by flares, but strangely enough, reappear again after hours or days. Spectrographic studies indicate that large gaseous blobs which are manifestation of flare surges, rise high up into the solar atmosphere.

 Undergoing steady deceleration due to solar gravity and ome down into the Sun again with approximately the same speed. Besides this Sun-bound mass motion, flares also eject streams of corpuscular radiation in a wide range of energies. These high-speed.

International Meridian Conference held in Washington

International Meridian Conference held in Washington 

 

'International Date Line': • In 1884, the International Meridian Conference held in Washington was set to have 180 ° long international tier-visibility.  • By passing the IDL, going west will drop down a day and!  Going to the preceding one day will increase.  IPL has been sparse from four places, because it can stay in that area - IDL Arctic Sea, Bering  Straits of Pacific Ocean  Passed,

 • The world is divided into 24 time zones.  There are 11 countries in Russia, 7 in the US, Australia in 3 zones.  Day-night change and seasons change Earth on its axis 23  5 is tilted and circled in the oval way around the sun.  Hence the sun's rays are not uniform in all parts of the Earth.

  • On June 21, the condition of the Earth is in such a way.  So the northern hemisphere falls a little closer to the sun.  As a result, the sun's rays fall directly into the cancer.  This is called the Sur111c1 Solstice.  During this time there is a summer season in North Gurgaon.  Day is big and night is short.  !  Southern Hemisphere has cold weather.  Day small.  And the night is big.  On December 22, the sun's rays fall directly onto the Capricorn.  Because the condition of the Earth is in such a way that the southernmost is closer to the Sun, which is called Makarranakranti.  During this time: the Southern Hemisphere has a summer season and the days are large and nights small, while the northern hemisphere is cold, where the day.  Small and night are big.

  On March 21 and September 22, the Earth's condition is such that the sun's rays extend on the equator, and every day is like the night.  It is called Fquinox, in the northern hemisphere 21 - Maran is called Vernal Equinox and on September 22 it is called Autumns - Equinox.  Similarly - in the southern hemisphere it is gradually called autumnal - convergence and spring - convergence.

Earthquake is a tremor or a wave of groundwate

Earthquake is a tremor or a wave of groundwate

Earthquake.   Earthquake is a tremor or a wave of groundwater which is caused by the disorder in the position of the rocks below or below the subsoil.  In common words, any movement of the Earth's surface is considered to be a part of an earthquake or if any part of the Earth's surface seems to be moving or trembling.  Science is called the "Scismology" from the study of Seismic Waves.  An earthquake intensity measuring instrument is called the Scismograph.

The place where an earthquake occurs in Earth is called the Hypocentre.   The center of the point located on the Earth's surface at the OK center center  (Epicentre).  Where the earthquake has the highest intensity.  There are three types of earthquake waves.  1.  Primary Waves:(P - waves).  This is the most intense wave.  Its average speed is 4 km / second.

These waves pass through solid, liquid and air medium.  .  It is fast in solid medium and the fluid is less velocity, the medium changing direction is changed.  (Rebellion) These waves are like sound clips.  2, Secondary Waves: S  Waves are also called.  Only passes through solid medium.  Its speed is 4 lbs.  M is the second.  These waves are like waves of light.   Waves: It has long waves.  a .  Waves Search H  D.  Love did it.  Hence it is also called Love Waves.

  His other name is - waves (Ray Light Waves).  Its spread is to the earthquake.  It can pass through solid, liquid, air trio medium.  Its speed. 3km second.  S-waves disappear after reaching the central part of the core.  And P - waves evaporate.  So from  Any wave can not reach approximately 5000 km after 100 km from the earthquake center, hence the area is called Shadow Zone.  The magnitude of the earthquake is currently measured in two ways.